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Figure 1 Tilt adjusted spiral grain angles grouped horizontally by clone and vertically by annual growth increment.
The Hankinson and Hyperbolic formulae showed good strength prediction according to grain variation, especially at small grain angles.
The Maximum stress theory predicted the LVL strength better at grain angles over 45°, but not under 45°.
In the corewood zone spiral grain angles are consistently high, often exceeding the nominal desired maximum of five degrees (Cown et al. 1991b).
For all grain angles, except 15°, the embedding strength presented the first relative minimum at 60 °C.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of temperature and grain angles on the wood embedding strength in the range from 20 to 140 °C.
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SGA ij = grain angle of the ijth sample.
Spiral grain angle data were obtained from the original studies.
Grain angle had been measured with respect to the upper surface of the disc.
Spiral grain angle was also found to increase with increasing height up the stem.
Spiral grain angle (SGA) is an important factor affecting the distortion and utilisation of solid timber.
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