Used and loved by millions
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
do not confound
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "do not confound" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used to instruct someone not to confuse or mix up two or more things. Example: "When discussing the two theories, please do not confound them, as they have distinct principles."
✓ Grammatically correct
Science
News & Media
Formal & Business
Alternative expressions(4)
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
23 human-written examples
For heaven's sake do not confound me with anyone else". The chapter titles then explain even more about him: "Why I Am So Wise," "Why I Am So Clever," "Why I Write Such Excellent Books". Our immediate reaction, as he might have intended, is to suspect the wisdom, cleverness and excellence of "such a person's" books.
News & Media
As neither age nor BMI were associated with any of the NPY2R and NPY1R/NPY5R SNPs, they do not confound the relation in this study.
Science
Regardless of the reason for the discrepancies between BMI and percent body fat, neither were different across ethnicities and therefore do not confound our findings.
Science
The female HDAC4ΔC mice traveled a greater distance in the OF than WT females (WT 1538±240.5 cm, HDAC4ΔC 3349±464.7 cm, t(22) = 3.46, P<0.01 t-test); there was no difference in total distance between the males (WT 1665±183.6 cm, HDAC4ΔC 2205±294.4 cm, t(22) = 1.56, P = 0.13) indicating that changes in activity do not confound the acute pain phenotype.
Science
Unlike the DPI model, when tuned to the size dependence of the FD-cell the responses of the DDI and IDI models do not confound two objects moving in the receptive field with a single object of twice the size in their responses.
Science
We provide different rankings that combine important (and readily available) variables of past and current environmental impact (forest loss, natural habitat conversion to managed/crop/urban uses, marine captures, fertilizer use, water pollution, carbon emissions and species threat), but do not confound environmental performance with indicators of human health (e.g., EPI) or economics (e.g., GSI).
Science
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
37 human-written examples
That's why scientists and engineers should present technology in ways that don't confound those choices.
News & Media
But don't confound your personal beliefs with what ought to be law, especially when those beliefs aim at diminishing a citizen's enjoyment of the rights and privileges afforded to all.
News & Media
Additionally, presence levels were the same across all VEs suggesting that presence did not confound the emotional reaction to the VEs.
Males were injected within two minutes of each other to ensure that longevity of sperm did not confound our experiments.
Science
Third, water-based cleaning does not confound the PGE-outcome associations, and, thus, does not raise potential for a reverse causality.
Science
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
When using "do not confound" in scientific writing, ensure that you clearly define the terms or concepts you are distinguishing to avoid ambiguity.
Common error
Avoid using "do not confound" in casual conversation; it's more appropriate for formal or technical contexts. Simpler phrases like "don't confuse" or "don't mix up" are better suited for everyday language.
Source & Trust
83%
Authority and reliability
4.5/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "do not confound" primarily functions as an imperative, instructing someone to avoid a specific error in reasoning or analysis. Ludwig AI confirms its appropriate usage in various contexts.
Frequent in
Science
75%
News & Media
12%
Formal & Business
8%
Less common in
Academia
3%
Encyclopedias
1%
Wiki
1%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, the phrase "do not confound" is a directive primarily used in formal and scientific contexts to urge against confusing or mixing distinct concepts. Ludwig AI validates its grammatical correctness and appropriate use in academic and research settings. While "do not confuse" serves as a more general alternative, "do not confound" adds a layer of technical precision. Remember to maintain clarity in your writing by clearly defining the terms you are distinguishing, and avoid using "do not confound" in casual language where simpler phrasing is more suitable. The phrase's primary function is to prevent misinterpretation, emphasizing the importance of maintaining clear distinctions.
More alternative expressions(6)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
do not confuse
This alternative is more general and directly advises against mixing up two distinct things.
do not mix up
This alternative is informal and advises against incorrectly combining elements.
do not conflate
This alternative is more formal and suggests avoiding the combination of distinct concepts into one.
do not equate
This alternative emphasizes avoiding the incorrect assumption that two things are equal or interchangeable.
do not blur
This alternative focuses on maintaining a clear distinction and preventing the merging of separate entities.
do not obscure
This alternative suggests avoiding the act of making something vague or unclear, often unintentionally.
keep distinct
This alternative is a concise directive to maintain the separation and clarity between different items or ideas.
avoid mixing
This alternative advises against blending or combining items that should be kept separate.
differentiate clearly
This alternative stresses the need to make the distinctions between items readily apparent and understandable.
maintain separation
This alternative emphasizes the importance of keeping different elements or concepts distinctly apart.
FAQs
How can I use "do not confound" in a sentence?
Use "do not confound" to instruct someone not to confuse or mix up two or more things, particularly in formal or academic contexts. For instance: "When analyzing the data, "do not confound" correlation with causation."
What can I say instead of "do not confound"?
You can use alternatives like "do not confuse", "do not mix up", or "do not conflate" depending on the level of formality and the specific context.
Which is correct, "do not confound" or "don't confound"?
Both "do not confound" and "don't confound" are grammatically correct, but "do not confound" is more formal. "Don't confound" is a contraction and is suitable for less formal contexts.
What's the difference between "do not confound" and "do not confuse"?
While both phrases advise against mixing up two or more things, ""do not confound"" is generally used in more formal and technical contexts, whereas "do not confuse" is more versatile and can be used in a wider range of situations.
Editing plus AI, all in one place.
Stop switching between tools. Your AI writing partner for everything—polishing proposals, crafting emails, finding the right tone.
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
83%
Authority and reliability
4.5/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested