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The phase differences between different elements can form a phase difference vector.
There exist several DE variants, which differ in the calculation of the difference vector [ 19, 28].
Figure 6d shows the decomposition of the difference vector d1 = (-1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0) T into seven different reaction vectors as an example.
Difference vector plays an important role in evolution.
There lies a difference vector between these two squares.
The difference vector pool will guide the mutation search in the next generation once only.
The scale factor F is a positive control parameter for scaling the difference vector.
The measured phase difference vector is correlated with each vector sample.
The other two vectors form the difference vector that is added to the base vector.
Therefore, π anchor is the difference vector between target and current landmark positions.
with the difference vector; D ≜ 1 ρ H a − 1 N ~.
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