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It has been suggested that gene duplicates are conserved and subfunctionalized by regulatory mutations, because each duplicate must survive to complement lost expression for essential subfunctions in the other [ 69].
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These data suggested that both GmNPR1 proteins were able to complement the lost NPR1 function in the npr1-1 mutand and induced pathogen-mediated BGL2 expression.
At the same time, the effect due to the lack of moaA3 on M. tuberculosis H37Rv may be difficult to quantify as the remaining array of moa genes could be expected to complement any lost activity.
To determine if GmNPR1 genes can complement this lost NPR1 function and initiate pathogen-induced BGL2 expression, a transgenic npr1-1 mutant plant carrying either GmNPR1-1 or GmNPR1-2 was tested for expression of GUS driven by the BGL2 promoter.
In contrast, whiteflies feed on phloem and usually harbor one or more secondary symbionts that share the same bacteriocyte with Portiera and probably complement the lost biosynthetic pathways (Gottlieb et al. 2008; Santos-Garcia et al. 2012; Sloan and Moran 2012a).
Both GmNPR1 proteins complemented the lost NPR1 function of the Arabidopsis npr1-1 mutand and mediated the expression of PR-1 and BGL2 following INA treatment and infection, respectively.
The remaining four putative LGT products (GNAT_1, GNAT_2, MhpC, and RsmE) are not of rickettsial origin, and encode enzymes known solely from prokaryotes or plastids; consequently, it is difficult to envision these bacterial-like genes complementing functions lost in the T. adhaerens genome.
The strength of LOFESS is spatial relationship is preserved to complement for losing information in occluded parts.
(It may even complement other future lost purse stories).
Given that the rest of the operon has been conserved, it is plausible that the UlaF-like encoded proteins complement the function lost from the ula regulon.
An alternate, more complicated explanation is that one of the complement components have lost multiple introns and/or given rise to perforin from a retrotransposed processed transcript.
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