In a society with a strong tradition of preference for sons13, one may further expect that the return-decision outcome is also linked to the gender of the child, although the total child effect may remain ambiguous.
According to the child effect model, a child's characteristics are influential in shaping parental behavior [ 17, 18].
With respect to the child effect model, adolescent GAD and SAD symptoms are stronger and more systematically associated with parental psychological control than with parental behavioral control.
The current study demonstrated that a unidirectional child effect model of the adolescents' GAD and SAD symptoms predicting parental control best described the data.
The results of this study overall demonstrate a clear pattern of a unidirectional effect model, specifically a child effect model [ 25, 43] to describe the data.
This child effect model demonstrates that adolescents with high initial levels of self-reported anxiety symptoms perceive their parents as becoming more controlling over time.
The second model, the child effect model, supposes that a child's characteristics are influential in shaping parental behavior [ 17, 18, 41, 51].
However, as illustrated by the translucent colored patches and bar graphs in Fig. 2, the extent and magnitude of this adult > child effect was modulated to some degree over conditions, particularly in the right hemisphere.
