Sentence examples for causality from inspiring English sources

Whether there is a causal connection and if there is, which way the causality runs is moot, but there is no doubt that the influence of green campaigners over mainstream politics has grown.

They build causality into states of the world so that causal probabilities are unnecessary.

Indeed, "reverse causality", which was once a frustrating problem, is now seen as a chance to demonstrate ingenuity.

The data allow the researchers to work out the future "implied volatility" for each firm.That still leaves a causality conundrum: implied volatility will tend to be influenced by firms' investment decisions.

Because the relationship is two-way, with investment and uncertainty influencing one another, simple correlations of the two variables can jumble the effects.In a 2007 paper Nick Bloom of Stanford University, Stephen Bond of Oxford and John Van Reenen of the London School of Economics showed one means of avoiding this "reverse causality".

By contrast it may be harder to establish a chain of causality linking state officials to the far greater toll of deaths inflicted by policemen.In this section Bibi's bust-up Phantoms in deconflict Judge like an Egyptian After the sultan Mission in trouble Banker v Boko ReprintsBut the disparities go deeper than numbers.

The authors of the paper on paracetamol, for example, admit that "causality cannot be established" from a statistical study such as theirs; to determine whether the link is coincidence or causation, they recommend randomised control trials that look carefully into the long-term effects of paracetamol use.

The chain of causality from advertising expense to sales revenue is a long one, with lots of other factors coming into play.

"Even in the last 20 to 30 years there has been a pretty big evolution in the statistical tools that we have at our disposal for actually inferring causality in an observational study when we are not actually able to control the assignment of treatments to subjects".

They then used the movements of the reflectors to analyse who was affecting whom.To do this, Dr D'Ausilio employed a mathematical trick called the Granger causality test, which makes it possible to determine how one sequence of data points affects another.

To take this argument seriously, we'd really want to know whether there is a systematic relationship between freer development and empty lots, and even then we'd have to be cautious in assigning causality.