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N is the number of individuals modeled by the stochastic process.
The biggest difficulty is the analysis of a stochastic control system and stochastic calculations induced by the stochastic process.
In the PRF case, the uncertainty of waiting is higher, as both the franchise period and company-owned period are influenced by the stochastic process of revenue.
The radiative processes are characterized by the stochastic process, which consists of Bremsstrahlung (bb), direct pair production (bp), and photo-nuclear interaction (bn).
From Eq. (8), the bound on G and again integrating κ, we immediately see that each path of Q is bounded by the stochastic process Y defined by Y t)=u(t)+varGamma^{-2} bigl(mathbb{I}_{3}-vartheta(t) bigr) C_{G}+ int _{0}^{t} kappa t-s varSigma,dW(s).
Moreover, observe that as α increases, "shorter" base pairs are being selected with higher probability by the stochastic process described in equation (1).
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Simulations were performed on linear and binary trees of various sizes by simulating the stochastic process of TFBS turnover (supplementary fig. S1, Supplementary Material online).
Retrotransposon insertion analyses are less affected by the stochastic processes that can confound sequence-based studies (Shedlock and Okada 2000; Ray et al. 2006).
Similarly the non-significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances based on the microsatellite data might be explained by the stochastic processes that are recently shaping the genetic structure of Z. quitzeoensis, and consequently the high genetic differences between nearby localities.
A simple stochastic process is derived from the analysis, and, after a comparison of the output of rainfall runoff models run on observed data and simplified rainfall patterns obtained by this scheme, the stochastic process is transposed to flows, giving flood frequency by numerical integration.
The sets of expressions for both mutators and antimutators yield good approximations to the mean transition times obtained by computer simulations of the stochastic process, provided s N a > 1 (fig. 3).
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