by intelligence that

USAGE SUMMARY

The phrase "by intelligence that" is not correct and does not convey a clear meaning in written English.
It may be intended to introduce a clause explaining how something is achieved or understood, but it lacks clarity and proper structure. Example: "The decision was made by intelligence that was gathered over several months."

⚠ May contain grammatical issues

News & Media

Academia

Science

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

7 human-written examples

The police operation was triggered by intelligence that said the suspects may have had a machine gun.

The Guardian

Several local police and counterterrorism officials said they were struck by intelligence that indicated midsize American cities were considered for attacks.

The New York Times

What is one example cited in the article of a message intercepted by intelligence that might have indicated al Qaeda's plans?

The New York Times

"We have large multi-year partnerships with the electronic health record industry--the AllScripts, NextGens, NeoDecs and the Greenways of the world, that allow for our analytics to be inside those EHR systems, so that the doctors' interaction with the member is informed by intelligence that helps them better achieve those five market forces," says Dr. Dunleavy.

Forbes

The attack was said to have been prompted by intelligence that a convoy of senior Baathist fugitives was attempting to flee into Syria.

The Economist

No matter how troubled he might be by a throbbing prostate, or by intelligence that a Libyan hit squad was after him, he eschewed angst and aggression.

The New Yorker

Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources

Similar Expressions

53 human-written examples

It's powered by artificial intelligence that's trained and supervised by people," explained Facebook's messaging boss David Marcus, in a post on the social network.

The Guardian - Tech

It's powered by artificial intelligence that's trained and supervised by people.

TechCrunch

M is "powered by artificial intelligence that's trained and supervised by people," David Marcus, vice president of Messaging products, wrote on his Facebook page on Wednesday.

Huffington Post

Meeker also pointed to the success of Amazon.com's Echo smart-speaker, a device powered by artificial intelligence that is "always listening" for voice commands.

The Guardian - Tech

8.    Microsoft is paying about $250 million to acquire London-based Swiftkey, maker of a predictive keyboard powered by artificial intelligence that is installed on hundreds of millions of smartphones, Financial Times reports.

Independent

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

Reframe sentences using clearer prepositions such as "through", "based on", or "informed by" followed by a specific noun (e.g. information, analysis) to enhance readability and grammatical correctness. For example, instead of "The decision was made by intelligence that...", write "The decision was made based on information that...".

Common error

Avoid structuring sentences with "by intelligence that" as it often leads to passive voice and obscures the source or method of obtaining the intelligence. Instead, actively specify who or what provided the intelligence, and use a more direct prepositional phrase to link the intelligence to the action or decision. For example, rather than "The attack was prompted by intelligence that...", clarify to "Intelligence reports prompted the attack...".

Linguistic Context

The phrase "by intelligence that" functions as a prepositional phrase introducing a relative clause. According to Ludwig, this construction is considered grammatically incorrect. This type of phrase is often used to indicate the basis or cause of an action or decision, but its structure can lead to ambiguity.

Expression frequency: Uncommon

Frequent in

News & Media

38%

Academia

31%

Science

15%

Less common in

Encyclopedias

8%

Formal & Business

8%

Reference

0%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

The phrase "by intelligence that" is used to indicate that an action or decision is influenced or caused by specific information or understanding. However, Ludwig flags it as grammatically incorrect, suggesting the need for clearer phrasing. Although the phrase appears in various contexts, including News & Media and Academia, it's advisable to use alternative constructions such as "based on intelligence", "informed by intelligence", or "through intelligence gathering" for improved clarity and grammatical correctness. Using more direct and active phrasing enhances the overall quality and understandability of the writing.

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

through information indicating

Replaces "intelligence" with "information" and uses "indicating" to specify the nature of the information.

based on data suggesting

Substitutes "intelligence" with "data" and employs "suggesting" to imply a potential conclusion.

informed by insights showing

Uses "insights" in place of "intelligence" and "showing" to highlight the revealing aspect of the insights.

guided by analysis revealing

Replaces "intelligence" with "analysis" and uses "revealing" to emphasize the uncovering of information.

prompted by reports indicating

Substitutes "intelligence" with "reports" and uses "indicating" to suggest a direction or course of action.

driven by knowledge confirming

Replaces "intelligence" with "knowledge" and employs "confirming" to highlight the validation aspect of the knowledge.

informed by the understanding that

Replaces "intelligence" with "understanding" and restructures the phrase for clarity.

using information showing

Focuses on the act of using information rather than the source of intelligence.

with insights suggesting

Uses "insights" to replace intelligence and emphasizes the suggestive nature of the findings.

due to findings revealing

Emphasizes causality based on revealed findings.

FAQs

How can I rephrase "by intelligence that" to improve clarity?

Consider using phrases like "based on intelligence", "informed by intelligence", or "through intelligence gathering" for better clarity and grammatical correctness.

What are some alternatives to "by intelligence that" that maintain a similar meaning?

Alternatives include "due to information", "according to reports", or "guided by analysis", depending on the specific context.

Is "by intelligence that" grammatically correct in formal writing?

According to Ludwig, the phrase "by intelligence that" is flagged as not correct and does not convey a clear meaning in written English. It is advisable to use alternative constructions to ensure grammatical correctness and clarity.

How does the choice of preposition affect the meaning when replacing "by" in "by intelligence that"?

Using prepositions like "based on", "informed by", or "guided by" indicates a foundation or influence, while "through" suggests a process or method. Choose the preposition that best reflects the relationship between the action and the intelligence.