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Weisbecker, V. & Goswami, A. Neonatal maturity as the key to understanding brain size evolution in homeothermic vertebrates.
Connor, R. C. Dolphin social intelligence: complex alliance relationships in bottlenose dolphins and a consideration of selective environments for extreme brain size evolution in mammals.
The work is "a refreshing take on the problem of brain size evolution" in primates, says anthropologist Chet Sherwood of George Washington University in Washington, D.C. "Those of us who study living species" need to take more account of the ancient developments underlying "the diversity in brain organization we see today," he says.
Because the present study indicates that relative testis size is not associated with brain size evolution as in bats, the expensive tissue hypotheses as a plausible explanation for brain size evolution in primates is rejected.
Similar to the study of brain size evolution in bats [7], the present results do not support the recently proposed sexual conflict hypothesis which states that both males and females are under selection to subvert the reproductive investment made by the other sex.
The authors speculate that positive selection in the gene may have contributed to increased brain size evolution in humans.
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Our inference of possible selection on the RFC2 gene also suggests that this gene, thus far neglected in studies of Williams syndrome, may play a role in the evolution of primate neurodevelopment, brain size evolution, and in the etiology of this syndrome.
For example the large brain of Daubentonia is partly due to olfactory specialisation [ 82, 83] which is consistent with selection acting on sensory systems having had a significant role in brain size evolution [ 84].
Indeed, theoretical and comparative studies suggest such a change in energy allocation during brain size evolution (Aiello & Wheeler 1995; Kaufman et al. 2003; Naya et al. 2007).
Addressing the issue of brain size in relation to migration in non-avian vertebrates could reveal general patterns of brain size evolution [ 1].
Isler, K. & van Schaik, C. P. Metabolic costs of brain size evolution.
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