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In addition, acidification can release aluminum bound to soils, which in its dissolved form can be toxic to both plant and animal life.
Soils are regarded as the ultimate sink for heavy metals discharged into the environment, as many heavy metals are bound to soils (Obiajunwa et al. 2002).
Being loosely bound to soils, nitrate is expected to be more in runoff and hence its concentration increases during rainy seasons (Rao et al. 2004).
The geochemical position of metals bound to soils in an area with 50 years of different landscape management practices (land use) during its unique historical development has been studied in this work.
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Solonetz soils are defined by an accumulation of sodium salts and readily displaceable sodium ions bound to soil particles in a layer below the surface horizon (uppermost layer).
In acid-sensitive areas, acid rain also depletes soil of important plant nutrients and buffers, such as calcium and magnesium, and can release aluminum, bound to soil particles and rock, in its toxic dissolved form.
Chernozems are characterized by a surface layer that is rich in humus and in available calcium ions bound to soil particles, resulting in a well-aggregated structure with abundant natural grass vegetation.
Alisols are characterized by the presence of a dense subsurface layer of accumulated clay of mixed mineralogy (mostly kaolinitic) containing a significant amount of readily soluble aluminum ions bound to soil particles and by the lack of an extensively leached layer below the surface horizon (uppermost layer).
Nonlabile P fractions are thought to be tightly bound to soil particles, and unavailable to plants.
Similar results due to the presence of Ca2+ bound to soil organic matter have been reported (Skjemstad et al. 2008).
Organic matter (OM) bound to soil mineral particles (higher-density particles) tends to be more stabilized, enriched in 13C and 15N, and has a lower C N ratio.
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