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Exact(7)
First, we consider the posterior distribution of (θ k− θ̄), where θ̄ is the average risk associated with the whole case control sample in the study.
However, the average risk associated with a conversation or with physical contact can be reasonably assumed to be substantially higher than just presence in the same room.
These systems rely on average risk associated with a population, so their ability to predict outcomes in individual patients is inadequate [ 53].
Moreover, in analysis focusing on individual components, effects are examined against the background of average risk associated with other nutritional components, whereas a dietary score can account for extremes of cumulative exposures in the absence of other major nutritional effects.
From this posterior distribution, we report the probability P(θ k > θ̄) or P(θ k < θ̄), depending on whether θ k, the risk associated with cluster k, is above or below the average risk associated with the whole population.
However, large population-based studies of breast cancer have demonstrated that at least some mutations in these genes are associated with breast cancer risks that are comparable to the average risk associated with BRCA2 mutations [ 5, 9- 13].
Similar(53)
Estimation of the average increased risk associated with PALB2 mutations has been performed previously using an indirect method by presuming a polygenic modifier model.
Using only some information obtained from just 10 families, and under strong modelling assumptions, the average relative risk associated with 5 protein-truncating PALB2 mutations was estimated indirectly to be 2.3-fold (95% confidence interval (CI =1.4 3.9) (Rahman et al, 2007).
These risks are comparable to the average breast cancer risk associated with carrying a BRCA2 mutation with penetrance to age 70 of 45% (95%CI 31 to 56) [ 9].
Depending on which UR we used, we estimated the average excess inhalation cancer risk associated with ∑PAH17-BaPeq at 4.8 (URBaP = 1.1 × 10−6 per ng/m) or 377 (URBaP = 8.7 × 10−5 per ng/m) per million people for the Olympic period concentrations, compared with 9.4 (URBaP = 1.1 × 10−6 per ng/m) or 741 (URBaP = 8.7 × 10−5 per ng/m) per million people for the non-Olympic period concentrations.
However, even short-term cardiovascular risk associated with average A1C levels <6% is a significant finding with clinical implications.
Related(19)
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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