Sentence examples for are hardly understood from inspiring English sources

Although this plays a major role in chemical mechanical planarization of diamond or machining of rocks, the underlying microscopic mechanisms are hardly understood.

Until now, the underlying thermodynamics of residual stress formation in metal cutting are hardly understood quantitatively, which explains the current dominance of empirical-iterative design procedures of cutting processes regarding residual stresses.

Chronic diseases are robust systems whose emergent molecular properties are hardly understood.

Importantly, the cellular arrangement, morphology, regulation of function and several other activities of mitochondria strongly depend on their interactions with elements of the cytoskeleton, albeit the molecular mechanisms involved are hardly understood (1, 2).

These emerging patterns can be hardly understood by merely taking into account individual cell activities.

However, the molecular and genetic mechanism of magnetite biomineralization is hardly understood although iron oxide formation occurs widely in many higher animals as well as microorganisms.

So far, it is hardly understood how these cells are recruited into proliferation and self-renewal.

In particular, the role of B cells in MS is hardly understood.

The members of the UGT1A gene family are known as drug-conjugating liver enzymes involved in drug excretion, but their function in tumor cells is hardly understood.

Although the α and β isoforms have had some physiological and pathological functions assigned to them, including in gene regulation [ 3, 4], stress responses [ 5], insulin signalling [ 6] and cancer [ 7, 8], PI5P4Kγ is hardly understood at all.

Although it is clear that the Nodal, FGF, Wnt and BMP pathways are all interconnected, resulting in a complex signaling network, we performed a pathway-based analysis focusing on separate signaling pathways since the ways these signaling pathways exactly interconnect on a molecular scale is hardly understood yet.