Cloacal malformations represent a spectrum of developmental defects that usually affect female fetuses.
A spectrum of developmental and behavioral modifications in adolescent, young-adult and aged animals resulted after prenatal nicotine exposure.
Autism is a spectrum of developmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, often accompanied by stereotypical behaviors.
Malrotation is the term used to define a spectrum of developmental abnormalities resulting in incomplete or nonrotation of the mid-gut.
ASD includes a spectrum of developmental abnormalities of the cornea (Peters anomaly), iris Axenfeld-Riegerr syndrome), iridocorneal angle, and ciliary body, which are caused by mutations in the homeodomain of PITX2, encoding a closely related transcription factor [27], [38].
Disruption of this signaling through inactivating mutations of AR can lead to androgen insensitivity syndromes (AIS), in which genotypic males are affected by a spectrum of developmental abnormalities of the genital apparatus and of the secondary sexual characteristics [4], [5].
Aberrant epigenetic profiles are concomitant with a spectrum of developmental defects and diseases.
Dysfunction of cilia, centrioles of basal bodies, and centrosomes can lead to a spectrum of developmental single- or multi-organ disorders termed 'ciliopathies' (Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2011).
