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Ozawa et al. (2011) showed the distributions of the coseismic, and post-seismic, slip of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake from the ground displacement detected by the GPS network in Japan, which matched the area of the pre-seismic locked zone of the event (Suwa et al., 2006).
Lay et al. (2005) showed the intense level of activity prior to the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake in the vicinity of the 2004 hypocenter and the comparatively low level of seismicity all the way to the terminus of the rupture zone of the event.
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However, the successive multiple ruptures of narrow and long rupture zones of the event and the prior weak seismic activity suggest ASSS for the earthquake as a whole.
In particular, relative quiescence was detected in the sequences led by the M6.5 event and another precursory sequence led by the 2000 M5.0 event in the shallower proximate zone of the M6.5 event.
On the other hand, the hypocenter of the 1833 event is estimated to be in and around the rupture zone of the 2015 event (Ambraseys and Douglas 2004; Szeliga et al. 2010) (Fig. 1); thus, there seems to be an intimate relationship between the two events This region is thought to be fully locked with the slip deficit rate of around 2 cm/year (Bilham et al. 1997; Ader et al. 2012).
The area where no afterslip is retrieved approximately coincides with the main co-seismic slip zone of the 2003 event clarified from seismic inversion (e.g., Yagi, 2004).
Obtained results show a striking feature of the distribution pattern of significant afterslip, namely, a U-shaped afterslip zone encircling the co-seismic rupture zone of the 2003 event.
Here, because the size of the contact zone of the abrasion event may approach that of the abradant and the reinforcement (both typically <10 μm), the wear mechanism is complex.
In order to estimate the distribution of afterslip, the plate interface in and around the co-seismic slip zone of the 2003 event beneath the Pacific coast of Hokkaido is divided into many cell-like rectangular subfaults (total number of sub-faults is I×J, where I and J are the numbers of subfaults within each row and column of the subfault array).
This means that the strength of the thrust fault before the earthquake was about 20 MPa, which is far smaller than the shear strengths estimated in the present rheological model (over 100 MPa in the hypocentral zone of the M9 event).
Opposition officials said the Free Syrian Army, the Syrian National Council and the Turkish government had been engaged in talks in recent days over the formation of a buffer zone in the event of a huge number of refugees.
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