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There was a smaller zone of flame shaped haemorrhages at the inferior temporal arcade.
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The ozone (O3) decomposition in the pre-heat zone of flames can initiate and accelerate the chain-branching reactions.
The main advantage of the proposed approach is that the laminar flame speeds and extinction strain rates can be experimentally determined conveniently by measuring velocities in the hydrodynamic zone of the flame, so that resolution of the details of the flame zone is not required, and this is especially important at high pressures.
It was shown that the kinetic effect on flame propagation enhancement by O3 reaching the pre-heat zone of the flame for early oxidation of fuel was much greater than that by the thermal effect from the energy contained within O3.
This new procedure makes it possible to determine the laminar burning velocity directly based on the flame displacement speed and the global fresh gas velocity near the preheat zone of the flame front.
In contrast to previous asymptotic analyses of lean flames and moderately rich flames, where the reaction zone of these flames was presumed to be made up of two layers, for rich flames analyzed here all chemical reaction are presumed to take place in one layer.
This reduced the flame height and lowered the residence time of the particles in the high temperature zone of the flame, thus, decreased the sintering rate and the growth of nanoparticles.
Single luminous zone of hot flame was observed for all four alkenes.
The luminous zone of the flame extends more than 10 mm from the surface.
These changes are occurring in a zone of the flame in which the temperature is rapidly rising.
Under an electric field, ions in the reaction zone of a flame generate a bulk flow motion called ionic wind.
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