Scenarios are named according to the source zone, the magnitude of earthquake from which the tsunami was modelled, and the tidal stage the tsunami was modelled to coincide with (Table 1).
Depending on the thickness of the vadose zone, the magnitude of deep drainage, and soil hydraulic properties, lag times will vary broadly, exceeding decades to centuries in semi-arid and arid environments.
At the same time, increasing humidity and cooling is documented in central Europe, while seasonality and variability characterizes the intermediate zones, whose magnitude and spatial expression are not yet fully understood.
Long-term SSEs are a type of slow earthquake, which occurs adjacent to the locked area of the Nankai Trough subduction zone, with magnitudes larger than other slow earthquakes (Obara 2011).
for every ith potential seismic source zone and mth magnitude interval.
The tolerance of circularity controls the divergence of the feature, and the annular space between the two coplanar concentric circles defines the tolerance zone, where the magnitude is the algebraic difference of the radii of the circles.
The residual biofilm mass was also measured and found to be much lower than in the uniform shear stress zone, whereas the magnitude of shear stress is of the same order or even smaller.
The generality of the approach is such that it can handle the overall transient response due to moving loads whose magnitude, zone of application and trajectory are time dependent.
The main causes of the damage were (1) liquefaction of the foundation ground, (2) liquefaction of the soil in the river embankments due to the water-saturated region above the ground level, and (3) the long duration of the earthquake, the enormity of fault zone and the magnitude of the quake.
The risk of river pollution due to washout (removal of pollutants) from contaminated floodplain water bodies (floodplain lakes and quarries whose origin is related to the large-scale mining of nonmetallic building materials in the floodplain zone) during high magnitude flood periods is analyzed using a combination of one-, two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and in situ measurements.
