Sentence examples for zero expenditure from inspiring English sources

Out of the total randomly sampled population (n = 250), our final sample size consisted of 230 women after excluding those 18 women who were reluctant to participate or dropped out in between the interview and two women with "Zero" expenditure.

Note: *% of households have zero expenditure in this category.

The proposed methodology, designed for multi-category firms, is a simultaneous equations Tobit model with latent classes which can handle three complicating factors: (i) heterogeneity in spending patterns; (ii) interrelationship of expenditures across firms and categories, called simultaneity; and (iii) data censoring, which occurs when consumers have zero expenditure in a category.

Logarithmic transformation of expenditures can be used to mitigate the skewness problem, excluding observations with zero expenditure.

One approach to handling this data is to undertake two sets of regression: firstly a logistic regression exploring the probability of incurring OOPE, and secondly a linear regression of how much is spent with the subset who reported more than zero expenditure, after logarithmic transformation of that subset.

The econometric methodology employed takes into account the fact that the dependent variable contains zero expenditures.

Expenditures were shown to have a skewed distribution: whereas some participants (32%) had zero expenditures, there was a small number of people with high drug expenditures, which is typically observed for health care cost data [ 32, 33].

Opportunity cost, In economic terms, the opportunities forgone in the choice of one expenditure over others.

For robustness checks we also estimate the coefficients of the covariates of the two expenditure forms separately.

Efficient selection of projects is evaluated for two areas of an ecosystem in mathematical and graphical terms using a continuous negative exponential relationship between present value losses and project expenditures for the certainty case, and for five expenditure classes in the risk and uncertainty cases.

We estimated four expenditure models (outpatient, inpatient, drug, and total).