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Different methodologies, such as neutralizing electron gun, the use of C 1s peak recalibration and zero charging method, were applied to recover the actual position of the core levels in insulator materials which were easily influenced by differential charging phenomena.
Although it is probably dealt with using a neutralizing electron gun [22], the use of C 1s peak recalibration [23], and zero charging method [24 26], a careful evaluation of the experimental result is necessary due to the differential charging effect during X-ray irradiation [19].
Therefore, zero charging method is adopted in this study in order to eliminate charging-induced errors and recover the accurate ΔE V value.
And the band offset measurements of the Al2O3/Zn0.8Al0.2O heterojunction have been determined by XPS with zero charging method.
In the ELPI size fraction bin nearest the MMAD, the LF-IC produced >100 elementary charges per particle, which was an order of magnitude increase compared to the case of zero charging voltage.
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