Objective: To quantify the projection/distortion error of lateral flexion (z-axis rotation) measurement, which results from actual axial (y-axis) rotation and changes in focal spot elevation, on AP radiographs.
28 The proportional decrease in X-, Y-, and Z-axis ADC measurements in the central splenium of the corpus callosum of our patients suggests a generalized reduction in cellular water motion, including axonal transport.
In this case, the height measurement (z-axis) shown in Fig. 8b was 19.1 nm and as previously, it was considered as its real size obtained through the height profiles, as shown in Fig. 8c and d.
The RSA method is more precise in the x- and y-axes relative to the z-axis because the latter measurements are made "out of plane" in the uniplanar setup (Karrholm et al. 1997).
When being in the process of measurement, the Z-axis must be perpendicular to the direction of the field lines.
With conventional 2D-ultrasound, it is vulnerable to obtain an incorrect plane of the FCV, even in case that ultrasound beam is exactly perpendicular to the IVS, because it can be tilted toward or away from the performers on the z-axis, resulting in less accurate measurement of cardiac diameters.
Volumetric measurements are, by nature, able to capture tumour changes along the z-axis, unlike uni- and bi- dimensional measurements where tumour changes are measured on a transverse image plane.
The capacitive transduction is based on differential measurement along X- and Y- axis and absolute measurement along the Z-axis.
Cross terms among the SRM's three orthogonal pickup coils, and possible rotation of x y pickup coils around the z-axis relative to the plane of measurement tray may even lead to directional and intensity artifacts in the resulting measurement (e.g., Parker and Gee 2002; Roberts 2006; Jackson et al. 2010; Oda and Xuan 2014).
Only isotropic voxels using submillimeter slice thickness in thin-section CT measurement of the z-axis diameter is as precise as the axial diameter.
