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Over the course of 4 yr, students (n = 58, 71, 64, and 31, respectively) participated in the minicourse.
Over the past 4 yr, students have often shown weakness in areas such as fractions, decimals, and multiplication tables, topics typically taught in elementary school.
However, these examples are restricted to the 4-yr student population, which comprises less than one-fourth of America's college students (Wei and Berkner, 2009).
(S5, f, 23 yrs, 5 th year) Students can disclose their emotions and talk about their stress with friends and family members, which makes it an entirely private matter, but professional confidentiality inhibits them from speaking about patient-related issues.
No association to year of study was observed in the current population, but the average age of 21.6 years for lower back pain sufferers, does coincide with Nyland and Grimmer's [ 4] final year students (21.4 yrs).
The academic characteristics and total number of 4-yr and 2-yr students who took part in this study are presented in Table 1.
Likert-item ratings were adjusted to allow 2-yr students to indicate nonparticipation in a particular lab activity, because attendance in this course is historically problematic (L. Hollis-Brown, personal communication).
Mean difficulty (P) and discrimination (D) were statistically similar for paper-based versus computer-based implementations (difficulty: t = −0.031, p = 0.98; discrimination: t = 0.13, p = 0.898) as well as for introductory 2-yr, 4-yr, and advanced 4-yr students (difficulty: F = 0.142, df = 2, p = 0.868; discrimination: F = 0.068, df = 2, p = 0.935; Table 4).
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