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The first is due to the evolution of stars from the bright end of the luminosity function such that young clusters have too many stars of high luminosity, as compared with the solar neighbourhood.
In young clusters, stars are found along the luminous bright blue branch, whereas in old clusters, beyond a turnoff only a magnitude or two brighter than the Sun, they are red giants and supergiants.
Comparisons of open clusters of various ages have shown that these clusters agree much more closely with the initial formation function than with the van Rhijn function; this is especially true for the very young clusters.
A further effect is the result of the finite amount of time it takes for stars to condense; very young clusters have few faint stars partly because there has not been sufficient time for them to have reached their main-sequence luminosity.
For example, the luminosity function for the young clusters h and χ Persei, when compared with the van Rhijn function, clearly shows a large overabundance of bright stars due to the extremely young age of the cluster, which is on the order of 106 years.
They based it on the following logic: Young clusters contain many massive, hot stars.
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The females and "crawlers," or active young, cluster along the veins on the undersides of leaves.
The young cluster h and χ Persei, which is a few million years old, contains stars ranging widely in luminosity.
In a young cluster the main sequence will be well-populated, but in an old cluster the heavier stars will have evolved away from the main sequence.
Yet most of the 3,025 people who died in the attacks were too young, clustered largely between the ages of 30 and 40, to have children old enough for such an advanced degree.
Forty years later, cities mostly thrive, crime has been in vertiginous decline, the young cluster together in old neighborhoods, drinking more espresso per capita in Seattle than in Naples, while in San Francisco the demand for inner-city housing is so keen that one-bedroom apartments become scenes of civic conflict — and so big cities turn into hateful centers of self-absorbed privilege.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com