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"We're quite aware that you have causality going in both directions," she says.
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Even string theory — that's my day job — has causality preservation.
When the correlation is significant you still have not demonstrated causality - that one variable "causes" the other.
(To prove "scientific" causality you'd have to completely control the diets of thousands of people for decades. It's as technically impossible as "proving" climate change or football-related head injuries or, for that matter, tobacco-caused cancers).
Is an event that defies any understanding we have of causality a physical event?
Some studies have used causality and cointegration tests in order to check the markets' short-term and long-term co-movements.
In calculating PAFs, we have assumed causality.
Symptoms reported occurring after vaccination do not necessarily have a causality association with the vaccine.
From this point of view the cross sectional nature of our study might have obscured causality between arterial stiffness and MBP that needs time to develop.
While our osteopenic and osteoporotic patients were more likely to have depression, causality cannot be established with our current methodology, and reports about its association are conflicting.
There are many complex diseases that have multi causalities, such as schizophrenia, stroke, etc.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com