Our estimates (Table 1) are much lower than calculations based solely on median pairwise FST values [66], which yields divergence times ranging from ∼90,000 years between Germany and Iceland to ∼170,000 years between Germany and Russia.
The context that yielded divergence, however, makes all the difference in this case.
Simulations including persistent interspecific gene flow yielded divergence levels similar to our observed data, whereas simulations without gene flow yielded divergence levels five to six times greater than observed.
Nuclear DNA estimates of divergence based on observed mutation rates of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have yielded divergence times at 7.6 MY for the subgenera of Daphnia [ 32].
Even if we assume that the above divergence rates are too high (see [ 45]), a lower rate (e.g., 0.6% per million years) still yields divergence times that are quite recent (< 5.7 million years).
It should be noted that the comparison of 100 bps from a Leishmania gene generally yields divergence rates representative of those obtained when one compares the whole length of the gene (see Legend of Fig. 2).
Further bolstering AHE loci's utility for phylogeographic studies, we found that AHE loci yield sequence divergence estimates strongly correlated with those from TM data, and inferred divergence histories reasonably consistent with previous population-level studies of intron sequences.
This, however, would yield a divergence date of 4.6 (SD 0.18) million years (my), which is at odds with paleontological findings that place the divergence of human lineage at least at 6 my ago [39].
For flying qualities longitudinal and lateral motions are supposed decoupled but inertial roll coupling may appear in case of roll reversal manoeuvres and yield to divergence in pitch or yaw.
Previous work has shown that ML and Bayesian analyses can yield different divergence date estimates [e.g. [ 2, 48]], but such comparisons have not suggested which result is likely to be more accurate.
