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It evaluates the state of readiness of the three basic machine architectures SASE FELs, seeded FELs, and FEL oscillators for the major X-ray science user facilities on the 5 10 years time scale and examines the challenges that lie ahead for FELs to achieve their full potential throughout the entire spectral range.
However, the vertical SOM profile may be of great importance for soil carbon cycling, both on short (hours to years) time scale, due to interactions with the soil temperature and moisture profile, as well as on long (years to centuries) time scale because of depth-specific stabilization mechanisms of organic matter.
Depending on the definition of historical exchangeability the recommendation would then be to treat VID (NSH) as a distinct species (500 years time scale) or a distinct population (postglacial time scale).
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It was shown that the reconstructions from Canadian Rockies (52.15° N, 117.15° W) and northeast Alaska (68.8° N, 142.3° W) correlate appreciably with Wolf number and 10Be concentration in Greenland ice over long (T > 13 years) time scales.
In the past few years, time scales calculus has fascinated scientists by virtue of its tremendous application in many branches of sciences, e.g. population dynamics, finance, physics, etc. [1, 2].
The results provide further evidence that human-induced changes in soil can fundamentally alter the natural pattern of soil distribution in the landscape, even over relatively short (i.e., 100 years) time scales.
Cosmogenic 10Be analysis measures denudation over intermediate (∼ 102 104 years) time scales and records rates which decrease from a maximum of 2700 ± 500 mm ka− 1 in the south to a minimum of 52 ± 5 mm ka− 1 in northern catchments.
Comparison of cosmogenic 10Be data and the records from several independent cosmic ray instruments for the period 1933 1977 demonstrates that the 10Be data provide a reliable measure of the ∼2 GeV/nucleon cosmic ray intensity at Earth, over short (∼5 years) and long (>20 years) time scales.
"What we're talking about here is a 50- to 100-year time scale".
One of my earlier papers showed that in the proxy data was evidence for a 50-70 year time scale oscillation that ended up getting named the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
We moved - do I dare say progressed? - over a 50-year time scale from refusing termination of pregnancy in a woman whose life was threatened by pregnancy to, effectively, abortion on demand.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com