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Comparative genomic studies have reported high synteny across Leishmania species despite a breach of 36 46 million years divergence between New World and Old World species [ 18].
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X. tropicalis belongs to a clade (Silurana) that have diverged from X. laevis and X. muelleri for more than 70 million years, compared to a >20-million year divergence between X. laevis and X. muelleri [38], [39].
The likelihood score of this constrained tree (with a branch length approximating a 6 million year divergence between Pthirus gorillae and Pthirus pubis) was significantly worse than the true louse tree (where the estimated divergence was closer to 3 4 MYA; d.f. = 6, χ2 = 12.91, p = 0.044).
Given the estimated 64.5 Myr (million years) divergence time between cattle and pig [ 27] and the 71 cattle-specific miRNAs we identified, the net gain rate of miRNAs expressed in blood is estimated as 1.1 miRNAs per Myr.
Measurement of the number of synonymous substitutions between homoeologous genes led to estimation of a 4.2 million year divergence time between the two sub-genomes.
We would expect comparable distortion levels to these studies following the estimated 3 million year divergence time between RBT and YCT.
DNA sequence similarity revealed by the anchor sequences peaked at 92%, which supports a 14.5-20.4 million year divergence time between Arabidopsis and Brassica [ 2, 3, 7- 10].
This calculation produced an estimate of a 6.7 18.7-year divergence time between the Key West virus and the most closely related Nicaragua strain.
Given the approximate 3 million year divergence time between RBT and YCT [ 26] and the absence of historical secondary contact, genomic differences could have evolved near the centromeres of rearranged chromosomes that would restrict crossover events in Robertsonian heterozygotes, such as para- or pericentric inversions or genic incompatibilities.
This probably is due to translocations that occurred during the 250 million years of divergence between ACA and GGA.
All this demonstrates a high karyotype stability despite 80 million years of divergence between the two species [ 29, 30].
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