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Univariate analysis showed that men had a higher probability of treatment drop-out (HR 1.73) and drop-out rates were higher in teachers who initiated treatment under the age of 30 by comparison with the older age groups (using drop-out rates in teachers over 40 years as the reference group; HR 1.41).
We used recent immigrants (0 4 years) as the reference.
26 PYLL were calculated with 100 years as the reference age.
** Hazard ratios are relative to age 65 79 years as the reference category.
Age was used as a categorical variable with 3 to 6 years as the reference category.
Duration of present relationship was dichotomized as '< 3 years' as the exposure category and '≥ 3 years' as the reference category.
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The PTX rate was divided into calendar years, with year 2000 as the reference year to evaluate the change in PTX incidence over time.
Because the policies all expanded geographically over time, we take the earliest adoption year as the reference for distinguishing a pre- versus post-treatment period.
The relative validity of the diet history method has previously been examined with 18 days of weighed food records collected during one year as the reference [ 25].
The reproducibility and concurrent validity were examined using 18 days of weighed food records collected over 1 year as the reference.
After calculation of adjusted RR for each calendar year (from 2007 to 2011), we used the year 2006 as the reference year and multiplied the adjusted RR for each year by the observed survival rate for the reference year to obtain yearly risk-adjusted survival rates for the study period.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com