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This means that, by the time hatching occurs, it may be too late for the females to take part in that year's breeding cycle.
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The peculiar three-year breeding cycle of the kings ensures that penguins at all life stages can be found at any given time at a single rookery.
aEBVCV1/TC, where TC =30, and TC is the number of years to complete a breeding cycle with conventional breeding methods.
bGEBVCV1/TE, where TE =10, and TE is the number of years to complete a breeding cycle with genomic selection and somatic embryogenesis to propagate the superior selected material.
The relatively higher efficiency of genomic selection compared to conventional selection in terms of genetic gain per year was estimated considering a reduction of breeding cycle length from seven years in conventional selection to four years when using genomic selection.
It takes many years (typically 15 years or more for conifers) to complete a breeding cycle.
Such a procedure is very laborious due to a long breeding cycle (5-6 yeand) and a small litter size (1 per birth) in macaque monkeys.
Gestation takes about 7 months, which suggests a breeding cycle of two to three years.
Genomic selection, which aims to predict breeding values from the summed effects of genome-wide genetic markers (Meuwissen et al. 2001), has the potential to accelerate the current breeding cycle of P. taeda from 12 to 20 years to less than 7 years (Resende et al. 2012a).
However, genetic improvement of oil palm through conventional breeding is extremely slow and costly, as the breeding cycle can take up to 10 years.
Each L. perenne breeding cycle requires between 3 to 5 years for completion to obtain and fix the desired phenotype [ 1].
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