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Position of each yarn segment within the element is taken into account.
The position dependent deformation state in the curved yarns is piecewise approximated using the concept of effective ellipsoids replacing each yarn segment, taking into account the local yarn curvature.
As a more precise refinement generalization of previous nomenclature [2], we here define a muscle yarn segment as homochiral or heterochiral according to whether or not this segment has the same or different chiralities for yarn twist and yarn plying in this segment.
As for the Figure 6c configuration, the Figure 6d configuration with non-plied yarn does not provide reversible actuation unless internally constrained by a solid guest, to prevent left-handed twist (Z twist) in one muscle segment from canceling right-handed twist (S twist) in the other yarn segment.
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In this work, constitutive properties of yarns in bending and transverse compression were measured using Kawabata Evaluation System, and used for computing the potential energy stored in individual yarn segments within a preform.
The double-helix configurations were stable and consisted of two single-helical yarn segments, with controlled pitch and much larger strain up to 150% [39].
Using opposite chirality plied yarn segments (which are each homochiral), with a paddle at their interconnection (Figure 6d), maximizes initial torque on the paddle, because these segments operate additively to generate rotation.
If you want it to look fluffy, push the yarn together a lot and use either really long or really short yarn segments.
Tie the yarn segments to the braid so that about half of the yarn is on either side of the knot.
For this forming simulation, specific hexahedral finite elements made of segment yarns are proposed.
The cover is made of Elastam (Lycra), a yarn composed of polyurethane segments and block copolymers that confer high transparency and stability to the system, mixed with polyethylene glycol segments with the characteristic of elasticity.
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