On the other hand, the stronger effect of math competence could be an effect of the quality of math education.
In addition to math ability, perceptions of math competence are correlated to key outcomes, including high school course taking, college major selection, and STEMM degree persistence (Leslie et al. 1998; Mau 2003; Nicholls et al. 2010).
To assess mathematical literacy as an indicator of math competence, an 85-items test was administered (for details, refer to OECD [2003]).
The results of multilevel regression analyses supported this interpretation by showing that math competence was a stronger predictor of problem solving competence.
Computational thinking and the tools of machine learning will soon be as fundamental as math competence.
For math competence the average Capability Under-Utilisation Index was rather neutral with MCUUI-Math = -0.001 (SD = 0.02).
In a round-robin design of competence ratings in which each student in a class rated every classmate's competence, a total of 2,094 school students in 89 classes in two age cohorts rated their own math competence and the math competence of their classmates.
On the basis of a 'problem solving as an educational outcome' point of view, we analyse the contribution of math and science competence to analytical problem-solving competence and link the acquisition of problem solving competence to the coherence between math and science education.
In sum, we found support on the Moderation-Hypothesis, which assumed systematic differences in the contribution of math and science competence to problem solving competence across the 41 PISA 2003 countries.
The present study was aimed at investigating the differences in the contribution of math and science competence to problem solving competence across the 41 countries that participated in the PISA 2003 study (Moderation-Hypothesis).
To test whether these differences were statistically significant, we constrained the regression coefficients of math and science competence within the multi-group regression model to be equal across the 41 countries.
