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The Cascade Range rose during the mid Pliocene and created a rain shadow effect causing the xerification of the Columbia Basin and also altered ranges of temperate mesic ecosystems at higher elevations.
The rise of the Cascades causing the xerification of the Columbia Basin is a major biogeographic feature of western North America that divided many species, including A. macrodactylum, into coastal and inland lineages.
This divergence date is coincident with the of xerification of the Columbia basin associated with the Cascadian orogeny [ 21], a vicariance event that corresponds with speciation events in many plant and animal species distributed in western North America [ 22, 23], including stoneflies of the Great Basin [ 24].
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