The Weissenberg X-ray goniometer is used in recording X-ray reflections from crystals.
The correlation between the results obtained from these different X-ray reflections is excellent.
The higher the process of carbonation in CAC, the higher the intensity of the X-ray reflections of Friedel's salt and the smaller the values of corrosion rates.
The domain size, evaluated from the integrated width of the X-ray reflections, also increased drastically at these annealing temperatures.
For decades, the main method for studying protein structure was stacking many copies of a protein into a crystal, bouncing X-rays off the crystal and then deducing the protein shape using the patterns of X-ray reflections.
As the reaction proceeded, the X-ray reflections coming from the polymer species started to appear and shifted the positions toward those of the finally attained polymer product.
Total Li+ content per unit cell and the cation distribution over a spinel lattice in LixMn3−xO4 have been studied by measurements of integrated intensities of X-ray reflections, and by structure refinement using Rietveld profile analysis.
From local detailed Raman spectroscopy it is evident that the crystalline quartz and feldspar X-ray reflections and characteristic IR absorption bands rather originate from a certain quantity of relict quartz crystal-clasts and lithoclasts of polymictic sandstones from the target rocks.
Although the 'crystal modulus' of most semicrystalline polymers has been estimated by measuring the displacement of meridional X-ray reflections on application of a stress to an oriented specimen, this method has not been applied to polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
One hallmark of amyloid proteins is the formation of a rich β-sheet structure, perpendicular to the fibres with a characteristic spacing (observable in X-ray reflections) of 4.7 4.8 Å (e.g. refs 4, 50,51,52,53, while another is the strong fluorescence observable (when excited ca 440 nm) when thioflavin T is bound to them (e.g. refs 54,55,56,57,58,59).
The theoretical estimation was performed by the molecular mechanics method on the basis of the newly-refined atomic coordinates obtained by quantitative analysis of the crystal structures using many numbers of X-ray reflections from the highly-oriented and highly-pure α and β crystalline samples.
