For chest pain, when faced with a 1-hour waiting time, responders value seeing a GP more than a practice nurse (WTP £376.27 versus £336.81) and are willing to wait 3 days (WTP £261.75) to see a GP if the chance of a satisfactory outcome when seeing a nurse reduces from very good to fair (WTP £256.00).
15 Likewise, distance to the nearest health facility has been found to have a positive effect on WTP in some cases, in the sense that short distance increased the likelihood of WTP, 13 14 while in others it has had a negative effect.
Because the WTP distribution was asymmetric with a positive skew, we used a log transformation variable Log (WTP +1) to characterize the normal distribution and deal with a zero WTP value in the model.
An alternative approach is to estimate the model in terms of WTP [42].
91.1% of the participating parents answered the question concerning their general WTP, 48.8% of them were generally willing to pay.
When it comes to the level of WTP, the results show that the observed willingness to pay was MK16,063 (about US$22.00) while the estimated WTP (MK21,500~about US$29.45).
Table 3 Estimated probability and level of WTP Variable Mean t statistic Female Male All Probability of WTP 0.76 0.72 0.74 3.02*** Level of WTP (MK) 19,316.13 21,499.82 4.72*** Exchange* Exchange rate 1US$ to 730 MK ***Denotes statistically significant at 1% **Denotes statistically significant at 5% *Denotes statistically significant at 10%.
In this respect, one successful prevention programme was URMEL-ICE (Ulm research on Metabolism, Exercise and Lifestyle Intervention in Children, 2006 - 2009 [12]), with a hypothetical threshold for cost-effectiveness of an annual €35 maximum "willingness-to-pay" (WTP) [13].
More discussion concerning the WTP is observed for "quality adjusted life years" (QALYs) [18] whereas the QALY itself may be regarded as a competing construct to the WTP [19], both being measures of the value of reductions in health risks.
On the other hand, no positive wastewater samples were detected in WTP 8 11, despite numerous notifications in 2013.
For WTP for health insurance our results can be summarized as follows: The average WTP (18 000 VND) covers the average costs for public health care (11 000 VND).
