For example, Mr. Powers wrote a fund-raising letter that described Mrs. Clinton as an "ambitious, ruthless, scheming, calculating, manipulating woman".
It makes electronic voting machines, and its chief executive, Walden W. O'Dell, famously wrote a fund-raising letter last August saying, "I am committed to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year".
Former Mayor Edward I. Koch, who once wrote a fund-raising letter for the Met Council, said he was dismayed that the Giuliani administration had chosen a developer with close ties to City Hall, and he called for an investigation.
The company raised serious doubts about its objectivity when Diebold's then-chief executive wrote a fund-raising letter expressing his dedication to delivering Ohio for President George W. Bush in 2004.
But sometimes, he wrote, "a funding condition can result in an unconstitutional burden on First Amendment rights".
Howard Wolfson, a spokesman for Mrs. Clinton, said Mr. Lazio had a poor record on credibility, citing Mr. Lazio's initial denial of writing a fund-raising letter in July that Mr. Wolfson said contained "insults".
In 2003, then-chief executive Walden O'Dell inflamed election watchers by writing a fund-raising letter to Bush supporters and expressing his commitment to "help Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the President".
The same holds true for anyone who writes a fund-raising appeal, a grant proposal or an invitation to a public event.
All teams had good representation at training regarding developing a research idea and project proposal and all had some representation (although the proportion of staff attending varied) at other training events such as writing an ethics application, writing a funding grant application and modules in either qualitative or quantitative methods.
Last year, the Office of Health Economics, a think tank with connections to the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, wrote a report funded by GlaxoSmithKline recommending that Britain, together with the United States, offer prizes instead of patents to spur the invention of new antibiotics.
Ms. Krueger, who won a special election in February, finds it so absurd that she wrote a recent fund-raising letter to her constituents called "Top 10 things I did not know or want to know about the State Senate".
