Hendry (2006) finds indications of "downward causation" in chemistry, while Stapp (2005) culls evidence from contemporary physics suggesting that there are, contrary to Completeness, causal gaps in the physical world, gaps filled in by the mental (see also Sturgeon 1998; Davies 2006).
For the Indicating a gap strategy, this study makes a distinction between a real-world gap and a gap in research, following Samraj (2002).
An example of a real-world gap in P1, and an example of a gap in research are provided below in (9) and (10): (9) In the Malaysian school curriculum very little attention is paid to the teaching of pronunciation as … (Rajadurai, 2001).
A mind-world-gap (of the kind envisaged in the Cartesian tradition) is inconceivable.
In the poor world the gap is smaller, owing to the risks of childbirth.
The population of seven million has one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world, a gap that has widened since China regained sovereignty.
A number of economists and technologists believe that the world income gap created by the industrial revolution may still be the fundamental dividing line between rich and poor nations rather than the question of access to technology.
In figures for 2000, when Tavern on the Green was in the No. 2 spot behind Windows on the World, the gap between them was a razor thin $485,000.
In my previous group of blogs, I addressed the idea that we are leading in an increasingly volatile and chaotic business world ("The Gap: How to Unintentionally Destroy Value and Exhaust Yourself in the Process").
In the developed world, the gap between the most and least deprived is widening.
Around the world, income gaps within countries are rising to politically and socially dangerous levels.
