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Moreover, they do not account for spontaneous behavioral changes in response to a pandemic and do not take into account the social acceptance of eventual restriction measures, as quarantine, school and workplace closure and travel restrictions.
Workplace closure factors were also found to be significant.
NPIs include social distancing, quarantine, isolation, school and workplace closure, and travel restrictions.
These actions are case isolation, household quarantine, school closure, and workplace closure.
Workplace closure is modeled after school closure, where a workplace and its various departments are treated as a school and classrooms, respectively.
In the study reported here we have not modelled other non-pharmaceutical interventions such as household quarantine, workplace closure or public gathering bans, interventions that were much less in evidence during the 2009 pandemic.
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Similarly school and workplace closures as well as restrictions on leisure activity can be thought of as trying to reduce between household transmission.
The net effect of social distance measures such as school and workplace closures and cancellation of social gatherings is effectively to reduce transmission out of households (and perhaps inadvertently to increase transmission within them).
I argue that the household reproduction number is useful in assessing the impact of measures that target the household for isolation, quarantine, vaccination or prophylactic treatment, and measures such as social distancing and school or workplace closures which limit between-household transmission, all of which play a key role in current thinking on future infectious disease mitigation.
Although advocated as a social distancing measure that imposes less societal costs than workplace closures or public disruptions, it became evident during the Spring 2009 H1N1 pandemic wave that school closures imposed substantial costs in some instances.
This absence of data is particularly troublesome given the estimated societal costs of school and workplace closures in the context of a pandemic response as predicted by macroeconomic models [ 6, 7].
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