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When he became head of District Council 37 the next year, she became head of its hospital workers' division and later its associate executive director.
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To aid exploration of honey bee population dynamics here we describe a simple mathematical representation of how the social regulation of worker division of labour can influence the longevity of individual bees, and colony growth.
We hypothesize that the association of these traits is a result of pleiotropy in a gene signaling network that was co-opted by natural selection to function in worker division of labor and foraging specialization.
In addition to this reproductive division of labor, there is also an age-related worker division of labor, where individuals transition through a variety of tasks throughout their lifetime, and workers in these behavioral states have significant differences in physiological traits and brain gene expression [12] [19].
Here, we used a cohort of same aged worker bees from a limited genetic background that was reared together under the same environmental conditions, and demonstrated that there is substantial individual variation in response to a pheromone produced by the queen to regulate worker division of labor and individual reproduction.
In contrast, in honey bees Kr-h1 is associated with worker division of labor.
In honey bees, worker division of labor involves a behavioral maturation process, in which young bees care for brood (nurse bees) while older bees become foragers [ 6].
Furthermore, according to the ovarian and reproductive groundplan hypotheses [ 60- 62], genes involved in reproduction have been co-opted to play a role in queen-worker caste differentiation and worker division of labor.
There is a growing body of evidence that additional genetic pathways involved in nutrition and metabolism also play a major role in worker-worker division of labor (reviewed in [ 4]).
It is apparent that the queen-worker division of labour, as seen in honey bees and primitively social wasps, is not necessarily analogous to different life stages of some subsocial bees, such as C. calcarata.
Data from carpenter bees reveal that foraging and reproduction tend to be coupled and do not support reproductive ground plan hypotheses for the origins of worker division of labour ([ 56]; this study).
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