All studies indicated noticeable sex/gender differences for the studied health outcomes and attributed such differences to several factors including, agriculture tasks on the farm, years of working in agriculture work, workloads, history (or hereditary) of illness, and lifestyles (such as smoking and weight), sociocultural and behavioral explanations, and biological differences.
(X-axis: European time; y-axis: percent of work; Workload green: <25%; yellow: <50%; red: regular work >50%. This graph was created by the online software of ww2.gob-tauch.de ww2.gob-tauch.de
Eight sections of questions were included in order to assess satisfaction with different job characteristics: ability utilisation at work, workload, colleagues, compensation, creativity, autonomy, management, and social status.
Table 3 shows the results of the binary logistic regression for the five exposure variables, manual handling of burdens, sedentary work, workload, cumulative activity-over-time and physical workloads.
2. Specific working conditions such as physical strain at work, time pressure at work, workload and job autonomy are recognised or at least supposed correlates of both WLC and MSD and may therefore confound the relationship (confounding hypothesis).
The only variables that are available in the data set and are expected to be correlated with both the exposure and outcome variables are the following: time pressure at work, workload, physical strain at work and job autonomy.
In addition, the work-related variables of physical strain at work, workload, time pressure at work and job autonomy correlated consistently with both consolidated multiple-item measures of WLC and MSD and therefore had to be considered as potential confounders in a further multivariate analysis of association, or rather regression.
This association turned out to be substantially confounded by physical strain at work, workload and job autonomy and was considerably reduced but far from being completely eliminated after adjusting for general stress as another identified risk factor of MSD and a proven strong correlate of WLC (r =.44).
New models of professionalism and organisational structure, including further development of the multi-disciplinary general practice team, are needed to revitalise the GP workforce and so create a sustainable career in which GPs are better able to cope with the hours of work, workload and administrative activities.
Literature suggests that work demands such as number of hours worked, workload, shift work are positively associated with work family conflict, which, in turn is related to poor mental health and negative organizational attitudes.
The key areas of interest were: the autonomy of the district team; the current human resources situation; job descriptions and roles; supervision and performance assessment; working conditions, workloads and the work environment; motivation; and education and training.
