Word pseudoword differences in the event-related potential first appeared at 160 ms after word onset.
Relative to the coherent alternative, these discourse-anomalous words elicited a standard N400 effect that started at 150 200 ms after acoustic word onset.
Specifically, children with the least number word knowledge did not show any ERP incongruency effects, whereas those with intermediate and high number word knowledge showed an enhanced, negative polarity incongruency response (N inc)) over centroparietal sites from 200 to 500 msec after the number word onset.
One trained phonetician manually labelled the following landmarks: Onset and offset of the neutral lead-in vowel (preceding the target word) Onset of first stop (V1) burst, if present Onset and offset of the first target vowel (V1) Onset of the second stop (C2) burst, if present Onset and offset of the second target vowel (V2).
Furthermore, there are theoretical reasons why a delay in word onset might facilitate word recognition.
A conclusion that stands out from this work is that any delay in word onset can help word recognition.
This resulted in a set of 32 fluent instructions, for each of which the target word onset was exactly 1219 ms after the utterance onset.
Three separate experiments were set up in which TMS was applied at a different point in time after word onset (hereafter, "post-stimulus" will be used synonymously).
Time-frequency analysis based on data averaged in relation to word onset showed clear, early beta frequency band activity for both story-lines.
Our main conclusion is that delays in word onset facilitate word recognition, and that such facilitation is independent of the type of delay.
However, it is also possible that the benefits for perception emerge from the fact that disfluencies like uh and um, and any silent pauses preceding or following the filler, considerably delay target word onset themselves.
