In fact, olopatadine at 5 mg caused a marked improvement in nasal discharge and nasal congestion in Japanese patients with cedar pollinosis without increasing sleepiness and without decreasing attention [ 4].
L-PGDS alterations have been reported in a number of sleep disorders including narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea with and without daytime sleepiness [ 24- 26] and thus its increase is relevant to sleep disruptions in RLS/WED.
In fact, a 2013 study in the journal Ergonomics found that an hour-long nighttime nap helped night shift workers improve their performance and reduce sleepiness without reducing their daytime sleep.
In the present study, we found that several metabolic and inflammatory markers associated with OSA were similar in patients with and without excessive daytime sleepiness.
Figure 4 shows that the independent variables associated with OSA (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol/HDL ratio, uric acid and C-reactive protein) were similar in patients with and without excessive daytime sleepiness.
In addition, among 16 responder patients, five reported mild gastrointestinal upset and sleepiness without leading to ZNS discontinuation.
The PH patients with short/long vs. normal sleep duration and those with vs. without excessive daytime sleepiness did not differ with regard to any of the characteristics investigated (data not shown).
Nevertheless, we employed the cut-off values which have been reported in other patient populations to separate individuals with vs. without poor sleep quality/daytime sleepiness to describe our findings.
They found that although participants with insomnia reported statistically significantly higher scores of sleepiness than those without insomnia, the ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the scale had poor accuracy to diagnose insomnia.
Further, since 3 children with and 3 without insomnia displayed parent-reported sleepiness at least 3 times per week, all sleep questionnaire, diary and actigraphy data of these children were reviewed in order to identify possible sleep-related correlates of their daytime sleepiness [ 31].
