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Greitz recently presented a hydrodynamic theory of communicating HC, arguing that ETV may be an appropriate therapy for restoring pulsatile dynamics without shunting [ 183].
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Control animals underwent frontal osteotomy with ICP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) monitoring placement, as well as puncture of the cisterna magna without blood shunting.
To compare the extent of subtle cerebral damage (SCD) in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy with or without shunt placement.
Open image in new window Fig. 22 Dynamic stability improvement: comparison of voltage evolution in a transmission line with and without shunt compensation at midpoint during a transient due to a load increase .
Open image in new window Fig. 23 Transient stability improvement: comparison of voltage evolution in a transmission line with and without shunt compensation at midpoint during a short-circuit.
CS enlargement without shunt is a physiologically benign entity and occurs secondary to the presence of a persistent LSVC or, more rarely, partial anomalous hepatic venous connection to the CS [10].
Open image in new window Fig. 22 Dynamic stability improvement: comparison of voltage evolution in a transmission line with and without shunt compensation at midpoint during a transient due to a load increase.
CS enlargement is the most common type of CS anomaly and may be clinically benign without shunt, or clinically symptomatic in the presence of shunt from an unroofed CS into the left atrium or fistulous connection between the CS and the coronary arteries.
On the other hand, Wilmshurst and Bryson (2000) showed that individuals with right to left shunting had higher risk of neurological decompression illness than individuals without shunts.
In a former study we assessed the agreement for cardiac output using the ultrasound dilution method (UDCO) and ultrasound transit time-based measurement of main pulmonary blood flow in a juvenile piglet model without shunts [ 1].
Exclusion criteria for the hemodialysis group: mental illness; inability to understand the information presented and to sign the informed consent; acute disease requiring hospitalization at the time of patient enrolment; evidence of stenosis of the subclavian artery of the arm without shunt or of the non-shunt arm chosen to be used for the Mobil-O-Graph measurements; atrial fibrillation.
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