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(See generally Market Efficiency Rpt. 12, 16-17; Damages Rpt. 30, 34-35). As recommended by the relevant academic literature, Dr. Hakala selected events on an a priori or "blind" basis, meaning that the events were selected based solely on the substance of the news conveyed and without knowledge of whether AOL's stock price moved that day.
The same happened in New York City, when Saheed Vassel brandished a pipe like it was a gun, officers rushed out of their cars without issuing commands or orders of surrender and began shooting without knowledge of whether the item was a gun or not.
Clinicians diagnose and treat syndromes often without knowledge of whether the causative organism is bacterial.
1. Numbers were first used to distinguish paralogs in the same organism, without knowledge of whether or not the proteins were functionally equivalent.
Other issues from panellists included difficulties in determining the appropriateness of a prescribed medication without knowledge of whether a treatment had been initiated by a specialist or if therapy was being correctly monitored (for example, via regular laboratory tests).
22 Other case series in Europe have reported chest or abdominal pain in a minority of cases, 12 16 but data were collected retrospectively from hospital records, without knowledge of whether or not clinicians had asked carers and children about pain.
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Many human genome scientists opposed the policy of granting gene patents without knowledge of function, whether for ESTs and cDNAs or complete gene sequences.
Without knowledge of claimants' identities, one cannot establish whether their scope is transnational or not.
Furthermore, we assessed whether the index test did not form part of the reference standard, whether all subjects received the same reference test, if the test results of both test were interpreted without knowledge of the other test results and whether withdrawals or uninterpretable test results were reported.
But without any actual discoveries yet, and without knowledge of how difficult extraction will be or whether Lebanon can export hydrocarbons, analysts say it is too early to count heavily on oil and gas.
That children were detained for so long without knowledge of the international community raises questions about whether physicians who were involved in conducting the physical examinations protested the detention of these minors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com