Bending strength of the pore-graded ceramics was approximately 50% higher as compared to HA of the same pore volume fraction but without gradient structure.
We validate our approach by showing that it can discover the right AS in synthetic examples without gradient information using both noiseless and noisy observations.
Due to the penalty terms, the physically realistic gradient-based solutions were located within a narrow "channel" in design space that was difficult to enter without gradient information.
Numerical results show that the crushing strength and energy absorption capacity of honeycombs with positive gradient are substantially enhanced compared to those of honeycombs without gradient.
For both quasi-static and blast loading cases, it is found that positively graded cores exhibit advantage in stiffness, strength as well as plastic energy dissipation compared to cores without gradient or with negative gradient.
For a comparison, LPD TiO2 film without gradient structure was prepared at a fixed temperature (60 °C), which presented a short-circuit current density and photo-to-electric conversion efficiency of 8.78 mA cm−2 and 4.39%, respectively.
When 5 wt% S/MMA gradient copolymer is added to the PS/PMMA blend during SSSP, the resulting blend exhibits a nanostructure nearly identical to that of the blend without gradient copolymer, and coarsening is nearly totally suppressed during long-term, high-temperature static annealing.
In one case both spin-echo imaging and cine MRI with and without gradient moment nulling (flow compensation) were used.
