Through the Internet, too, we've become an obligate if virtual superorganism, busy bees without borders, compulsively foraging through a billion sites for sensation, guidance, palliatives or cures for lupus, chronic fatigue syndrome, nailbiting, insomnia, narcissism.
Humans and other animals have a variety of psychological abilities tailored to the demands of asocial foraging, that is, foraging without coordination or competition with other conspecifics.
It highlights the fact that for some values of k and ε, group size has a positive effect on the individual time allocated to foraging without hampering the efficiency of vigilance at the group level.
When a bee arrives at a flower, the gross amount of energy it collects follows a decelerating gain curve (as is standard in patch foraging models [24]), whilst its gross energetic expenditure is related to the costs of travelling, foraging without actively warming itself (which we call 'passive cooling'), and foraging whilst actively warming itself ('active warming').
The results I present here require careful testing in a suitable biological system (preferably one where the costs of information gathering can be manipulated): a socially foraging species where the group moves to foraging sites without single individuals taking the lead (such as the plains zebra, Equus burchellii [26]), would be a suitable system.
Cattle trampling without forage consumption at stocking densities of 0.03 1.4 cows ha−1 was simulated on two dry-season rangelands in Kenya.
The reason for the higher erosion rates for the 50 years after 1960 than before was most likely the continued use of moldboard plowing, up and down the slope plowing and the more intensive corn soybean rotation without forages and small grains.
For the whole day of the general engagement, the French had remained on the field of battle without meat, bread or brandy, and their animals had been without forage: "it is impossible to deny," Jourdan wrote later, "without the most glaring injustice or falsehood, that we gained a victory".
The soldiers must endure long hikes through the jungle, swim in waters infested with caiman and piranha and survive for several days without rations, hunting or foraging for their own food.
In the second experiment, we assessed prey patch choice and oviposition behaviour of IG predator-naïve and predator-experienced females of P. persimilis, N. californicus and A. andersoni given a choice between a spider mite patch with and without cues (traces of foraging females and their eggs) from a low- or high-risk IG predator.
