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PEXIC is Pareto efficient and budget balanced, and thus financially self-sustainable without external subsidy.
The school operates without external subsidy, financed through sales of student-grown and processed products.
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CLTS is a community-led strategy where households in villages or urban neighbourhoods adopt hygienic sanitation behaviour by using latrines constructed by themselves without any external subsidy.
The finding that the schemes are equitable is important in the context of extensive evidence that middle-income groups are often the most likely to benefit from health financing schemes, while the poor are unable to join without significant external subsidies (Bennett et al. 1998; Jütting 2001; Preker et al. 2002).
But now at least the home page features a link to an external subsidy calculator — one operated by the Kaiser Family Foundation.
This paper contributes to this debate by examining whether carefully designed policies may initiate a process of large-scale diffusion of grid-connected PV, even without the deployment of external subsidies.
Its weak state would not function without outside subsidy.
In other words, external subsidies may be required to make every commuter happy (Pareto-improving).
However, this raises concerns about the future sustainability of the programme if the external subsidies decline.
Not planning for this has frequently resulted in failures and/or the long-term reliance on external subsidies.
Six CBI schemes received additional funding through external subsidies; three from government funding and three from NGO funding.
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