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Nine dancers move in unison, without emotional expression, in precisely fixed choreographic patterns designed to demonstrate sheer grace of movement.
This justifies the use of stimuli without emotional expression to investigate the cognitive processing of musical structure.
That is, the ERAN did not differ when elicited in a musical context played with emotional expression compared to when played without emotional expression.
These results show that the neural mechanisms of music-syntactic processing operate independently of the emotional qualities of a stimulus, justifying the use of stimuli without emotional expression to investigate the cognitive processing of musical structure.
From each of these 75 MIDI files, another MIDI file without emotional expression was created by eliminating all agogics (i.e., variations in tempo), and by adjusting the key-stroke velocity of all notes to the same value, thus eliminating all dynamics (velocity was set to the mean velocity of the corresponding expressive version).
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As they work on that, Niedenthal is also developing a way to measure emotional expression without a survey.
These faces were photographed in a standardized fashion with mildly happy emotional expression, without headgear or glasses.
This question becomes particularly relevant for sentiment classification, as many tools assume as null hypothesis that human expression has neutral emotional content [4, 5], or reweight positive and negative emotions [6] without a quantification of the positive bias of emotional expression.
From the musical excerpts played by the pianists (with emotional expression), we also created versions without variations in tempo and loudness (without musical expression) to investigate effects of musical expression on ERPs and SCRs.
The finding that the N5 (averaged across expected, unexpected, and very unexpected chords) was larger for chords played with emotional expression compared to chords played without such expression indicates that the N5 can be modulated by emotional expression.
Observational research on Twitter has also shown the existence of emotional contagion without those limitations, illustrating through sentiment analysis the correlations between emotional expression at the endpoints of online interaction [64].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com