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Outcomes were often reported without denominators in text and tables/graphs (31, 40%).
When percentages were provided without denominators we will back-calculate to determine denominators.
Most studies stating a prevalence of fistula are based on self reports, personal communications with surgeons, studies from advocacy groups or reviews of hospital services without denominators [ 7].
The first category of papers relied on secondary and tertiary citations (many of which culminated in personal communications) and reported the number of patients treated without denominators.
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This was usually reported as the annual number of admitted patients (without denominator), or only graphically.
Because positive findings are commonly reported without denominator data, especially for H5 and H7 subtype viruses, relative risk for spillover is difficult to assess.
The survey data showed that those pathogens regarded as emerging and reemerging were more likely to be zoonotic than those that are not (1, 3 ), confirming an association between these characteristics which had long been suspected (4, 5 ), but which could not be formally demonstrated without denominator data as well as numerator data.
The majority of previous studies frequently relied on convenience sampling through voluntary Internet surveys (e.g., chat rooms) without measurable denominators.
The Underground Railroad is a numerator without a denominator.
Mayhew had conceded that he used a numerator without a denominator: he counted how many laws were passed but not how many were urged.
"US intelligence never told us how many top leaders they had to begin with … they're giving us a numerator without a denominator".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com