The thick hard layer on the top was prepared without any substrate-bias.
ZnO nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal route without any substrate or template.
It was a block about the size of half a stick of butter, lighter than balsa, but as hard as pine: a piece of solid mycelium, pure chitin that had been grown from nutrients and without any substrate.
Glass substrates were used to examine the electrochemical properties of the coating materials without any substrate influence.
Since graphene sheets can be freely suspended without any substrate, we can stretch the sheets by tuning distance between the clamped edges of the holding frame.
The luxCDABE operon was introduced into the phiV10 genome and allowed the engineered phage phiV10lux to generate bioluminescence proportional to the number of viable E. coli O157 H7 cells without any substrate addition.
Highly transparent and conductive thin films of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) on glass substrates were grown by the ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) technique without any substrate heating.
In our study, all intensities are normalized to that one obtained without any substrate.
The thin sidewall structure is clearly shown; (c, d) asher-mediated MNHS without any substrate rotation.
