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Do employers have the right to search our bags without any probable cause?
That net can be huge, because the FISA amendments allow the government to conduct surveillance without any probable cause or individualized suspicion, and because "foreign intelligence information" is so broadly defined that it includes information even about "the foreign affairs of the United States".
The collection of information without any probable cause is unconstitutional.
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"OFAC's authority to shut down a charity based on secret evidence, without any notice of wrongdoing, any probable cause, any opportunity to defend itself or any judicial review violates fundamental due process guarantees," said Hina Shamsi, staff attorney with the ACLU National Security Project.
We constantly hear the phrase "national security" but when the state begins … broadly intercepting the communications, seizing the communications by themselves, without any warrant, without any suspicion, without any judicial involvement, without any demonstration of probable cause, are they really protecting national security or are they protecting state security?
Firstly, we identified patients with pre-existing unexplained pain, which was defined as PPS without any probable organic cause, based on the Read code classification, which is a system of clinical classification frequently used in the UK National Health Service (NHS).
This retrospective cohort study analyzed 4000 adults with unexplained pain (defined as painful physical symptoms [PPS] without any probable organic cause) and a subsequent diagnosis of depression, identified from the UK General Practice Research Database using diagnostic codes.
"Do we really want the ability to track everybody all the time, without any suspicion, or without probable cause?" asked a lawyer, Doug Klunder, in The Seattle Post-Intelligencer last week.
"People are waking up to the fact that the government can walk into their libraries, without probable cause, without any particular information that someone was associated with terrorism, and monitor their reading habits," Representative Bernie Sanders, the Vermont independent who sponsored the measure, said in an interview.
Such an effort would violate the Fourth Amendment, according to Snowden, as the government would be "seizing private communications without a warrant, without probable cause or even a suspicion of wrongdoing".
For example, the court has held that the government can inspect all homes in a town for possible housing code violations -- without any showing of probable cause to believe that any specific home has such a violation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com