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The first edition of this Cochrane review was published in 2002, included 96 studies and was narrative without any meta-analyses.
The use of systematic reviews to identify gaps in health related research is well documented and should be conducted, with or without a meta analyses, to assess existing evidence and the need for further primary research [ 1].
When comparing Bt plants to their non-transgenic counterparts without any additional insecticides, meta-analysis revealed no uniform negative or positive effects on ecological functional guilds.
This interpretation has been criticized, as the increased searching in case of ignorance about the hiding place could be explained alternatively by an internal state of uncertainty, without any need for meta-knowledge [18].
β Example of conclusion in a review without a meta-analysis.
Our search strategy identified two reviews (one with and one without a meta-analysis).
Most of which (n = 4) were reviews without a meta-analysis [ 21- 24].
Ten reviews without a meta-analysis discussed their results but only four [ 21- 24] linked these results to their conclusions.
A systematic review, with or without a meta-analysis, should be undertaken to determine if the research question of interest has already been answered before a new trial begins.
The inclusion criteria were met if the study design was a systematic review with or without a meta-analysis, multiple variables were studied in an outcome prediction model, and the review was written in the English language.
David would like to thank the crew at 180 Creative Camp, without whom META would not have been possible. .
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com