In any organization, rules get bent, procedures are modified to accommodate the task at hand, and nonstandard routines are adopted, often without any formal directive from the organization's leadership.
Without a directive, the American airline industry was operating in a business-as-usual manner when Woods noticed the suspicious passengers on his flight.
"I find it hard to believe this would come without a directive from above, and I think it is more foreign policy than law enforcement," he said.
The authors first demonstrate that such clauses function as complete directives without any main clauses, and that recipients treat them as such, responding to the directive as soon as the insubordinate clause is produced.
No, he could not have done it without proper directives.
Without advance directives, even a loving child may be ignorant of her parent's wishes.
Critics such as Nat Hentoff rightly complained that the courts should have begun by defining the rights of competent patients to die, not incompetent patients without advance directives.
Concerned with the hard questions that arise without such directives, Dr. Emanuel included in his 1991 book, "The Ends of Human Life Harvard University Pressss), a critique of a court ruling upholding a family's request to end treatment for a dying, mentally incapacitated daughter.
As you correctly point out, guidelines are not mandates, and without such directives from the pope, abusers and those who have assisted them will continue to thrive while victims suffer in silence and ignominy.
